Alternate Table of Contents: Types of Arguments

Preface

INTRODUCTION

Persuading with Good Reasons

What do we mean by argument?

What does “argument” mean for college writers?

How can you argue responsibly?

How can you argue respectfully?

PART 1

READING AND DISCOVERING ARGUMENTS

1 Why Argue?

Why do people write arguments?

Why do some arguments succeed?

What are the goals of arguments?

What are rhetorical appeals?

Finding Good Reasons

Rachel Carson, The Obligation to Endure

2 Reading Arguments

Become a critical reader

Read actively

Recognize fallacies

Respond as a reader

Finding good reasons

3 Finding Arguments

Find arguments in everyday conversations

Find a topic that interests you

Find a claim by exploring

Find a claim by reading

Find good reasons

Find evidence to support good reasons

Finding good reasons

4 Drafting and Revising Arguments

State and evaluate your thesis

Think about your readers

Organize your argument

Write an engaging title and introduction

Write a strong conclusion

Evaluate your draft

Respond to the writing of others

Edit and proofread carefully

Finding good reasons

PART 2

ANALYZING ARGUMENTS

5 Analyzing Written Arguments

What is rhetorical analysis?

Build a rhetorical analysis

Analyze the rhetorical features

Analyze the rhetorical context

Write a rhetorical analysis

Barbara Jordan, Statement on the Articles of Impeachment

T. Jonathan Ford (student), An Argument of Reason and Passion: Barbara Jordan’s “Statement on the Articles of Impeachment”

Steps to writing a rhetorical analysis

6 Analyzing Visual Arguments

What is a visual argument?

Analyze visual persuasion

Analyze visual evidence

Build a visual analysis

Write a visual analysis

Angela Yamashita (student), Got Roddick?

Steps to writing a visual analysis

PART 3

WRITING ARGUMENTS

7 Options for Arguments

Use different approaches to construct arguments

Be aware of your goals for argument

Finding good reasons: What do we mean by diversity?

8 Definition Arguments

Understand how definition arguments work

Recognize kinds of definitions

Build a definition argument

Finding good reasons

Scott McCloud, Setting the Record Straight

Chris Nguyen (student), Speech Doesn’t Have to Be Pretty to Be Protected

Steps to writing a definition argument

9 Causal Arguments

Understand how causal arguments work

Find causes

Build a causal argument

Finding good reasons

Annie Murphy Paul, The Real Marriage Penalty

Emily Raine, Why Should I Be Nice to You? Coffee Shops and the Politics of Good Service

Steps to writing a causal argument

10 Evaluation Arguments

Understand how evaluation arguments work

Recognize kinds of evaluations

Build an evaluation argument

Finding good reasons

Michael Eric Dyson, Gangsta Rap and American Culture

Rashaun Giddens (student), Stop Loss or “Loss of Trust”

Steps to writing an evaluation argument

11 Narrative Arguments

Understand how narrative arguments work

Recognize kinds of narrative arguments

Build a narrative argument

Finding good reasons

Leslie Marmon Silko, The Border Patrol State

Dagoberto Gilb, My Landlady’s Yard

Steps to writing a narrative argument

12 Rebuttal Arguments

Understand how rebuttal arguments work

Recognize the tactics of rebuttal arguments

Build a rebuttal argument

Finding good reasons

Dan Stein, Crossing the Line

Gregory Rodriguez, Illegal Immigrants–They’re Money

Steps to writing a rebuttal argument

13 Proposal Arguments

Understand how proposal arguments work

Recognize components of proposal arguments

Build a proposal argument

Finding good reasons

Thomas Homer-Dixon and S. Julio Friedmann, Coal in a Nice Shade of Green

Kim Lee (student), Let’s Make It a Real Melting Pot with Presidential Hopes for All

Steps to writing a proposal argument

PART 4

DESIGNING AND PRESENTING ARGUMENTS

14 Designing Arguments

Start with your readers

Know when to use images and graphics

Compose and edit images

Create tables, charts, and graphs

Design pages for print

Design pages for the Web

15 Presenting Arguments

Plan a presentation

Design effective visuals

Give a memorable presentation

PART 5

RESEARCHING ARGUMENTS

16 Planning Research

Analyze the research task

Find a subject

Ask a research question

Gather information about the subject

Draft a working thesis

17 Finding Sources

Search with keywords

Find books

Find journal articles

Find Web sources

18 Evaluating and Recording Sources

Evaluate print sources

Find information to cite print sources

Evaluate database sources

Find information to cite a database source

Evaluate Web sources

Find information to cite a Web source

19 Writing the Research Paper

Review your goals and thesis

Determine your contribution

Determine your main points

Avoid plagiarism

Quote sources without plagiarizing

Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing

Incorporate quotations

Incorporate visuals

20 Documenting Sources in MLA Style

Elements of MLA documentation

MLA in-text citations

MLA works-cited list: Books

MLA works-cited list: Periodicals

MLA works-cited list: Library database sources

MLA works-cited list: Other online sources

MLA works-cited list: Other sources

Brian Witkowski (student), Need a Cure for Tribe Fever? How about a Dip in the Lake?

21 Documenting Sources in APA Style

Elements of APA documentation

In-text citations in APA style

APA references list: Books

APA references list: Library database sources

APA references list: Periodicals

APA references list: Other online sources

APA references list: Other sources

PART 6

CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTS

22 Negotiating the Environment

American Environmentalism

Contemporary Arguments

E.O. Wilson, The Conservation Ethic

Sidebar: Aldo Leopold, From The Land Ethic

N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain

Robert Bullard, How Race Affected the Federal Government’s Response to Katrina

Wendell Berry, Manifesto: Mad Farmer Liberation Front

Issue in Focus: Climate Change

Al Gore, What is Global Warming?

Al Gore, Ten Things to Do to Help Stop Global Warming

Christopher C Horner, Top Ten 'Global-Warming' Myths

Alison Moodie, Environment: Healthy Swamps

Glenn McCoy, And Looking At Our Extended Forecast . . . (cartoon)

Philip Jenkins, Burning at the Stake

Alex Williams, Buying into the Green Movement

Chicago Tribune, Fast Clothes vs. Green Clothes (editorial)

Elisabeth Rosenthal, Environmentally Unfriendly Trend: Fast Fashion

Sidebar: How Green Is Your T-Shirt?

From Reading to Writing

23 Confronting Sexual Difference

Sexual Difference in American Culture

Contemporary Arguments

Carmen Vasquez, Appearances

Peter Gomes, Homophobic? Read Your Bible

Ryan T. Anderson, Struggling Alone

Issue in Focus: Same Sex Marriage

Matt Davies, We’re Here to Defend . . . (cartoon)

House of Representatives, The Defense of Marriage Act

Anna Quindlen, Evan’s Two Moms

Sonya Geis, A New Tactic In Fighting Marriage Initiatives

From Reading to Writing

William F. Jasper, Subversion Through Perversion

Marc Haeringer, Coming Out in the Line of Fire

Emily Martin and Katie Schwartzmann, Bad for Both Boys and Girls

Andrew Sullivan, The End of Gay Culture

Alexa Hackbarth, Vanity, Thy Name is Metrosexual

24 Globalization: Importing and Exporting America

America’s Place in the World

Contemporary Arguments

Henry Payne, The Bad News Is . . . (cartoon)

Mae M. Ngai, No Human Being is Illegal

Michelle Malkin, Beware of Illegal Aliens Seeking Hazmat Licenses

Sidebar, Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus

Sidebar, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, The Unguarded Gates

Helen Epstein, Immigration Maze

Wiley Miller, What’s the Worst That Can Happen . . . ? (cartoon)

Todd Gitlin, Under the Sign of Mickey Mouse & Co.

Urvashi Butalia, Living The Dream

Laura Carlsen, Wal-Mart vs. Pyramids

Darla K. Deardorff, In Search of Intercultural Competence

25 Science and Ethics

The Ethics of Science and Technology

Contemporary Arguments

Bill Joy, Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us

Francis Fukuyama, A Tale of Two Dystopias

Ralph C. Merkle, Nanotechnology: Designs for the Future

Ursula Franklin, Beautiful, Functional and Frugal

Bill Gates, A Robot in Every Home

Christine Soares, Attitude Screen

Issue in Focus: Stem Cell Research

Ronald Reagan, Speech at the 2004 Democratic National Convention

Pat Oliphant, The Ronald Reagan Eulogy Will Be Delivered . . . (cartoon)

Steven Milloy, Ron Reagan: Wrong on Stem Cells

Richard Doerflinger, Don’t Clone Ron Reagan’s Agenda

From Reading to Writing

26 Privacy

New Challenges to Personal Privacy

Contemporary Arguments

David Brin, Three Cheers for the Surveillance Society!

Ted Koppel, Take my Privacy, Please!

John McPherson, It’s Part of the Government’s New Emphasis . . . (cartoon)

Randall Larsen, Traveler’s Card Might Just Pave the Way for a National ID Card

Jennifer Burk, Counselors Walk a Fine Line Weighing Rights of Student and College

Jeffrey Zaslow, The End of Youthful Indiscretions: Internet Makes Them Permanent Blots

Issue in Focus: Biometrics and Measuring the Body for Identity

Steven C. Bennett, Privacy Implications of Biometrics

Paul Saffo, A Trail of DNA and Data

Russ Ryan, Emerging Biometric Technologies

Sidebar: Voice Verification for Transations

J. G. Domke, Will Cash & Credit Cards Become Extinct in the Not-So-Distant Future?

From Reading to Writing

27 Regulating Substances/Regulating Bodies

Private Bodies, Public Controls

Contemporary Arguments

Joseph A. Califano, The Right Drug to Target: Cutting Marijuana Use

Eric Schlosser, Make Peace with Pot

Issue in Focus: Regulating Tobacco

Phillip Morris, Camel Lights Ad

American Legacy Foundation, Antismoking Ad

Gary Trudeau, Doonesbury: The Sin Lobby Gins Up . . . (cartoon)

Douglas Bettcher and Chitra Subramaniam, The Necessity of Global Tobacco Regulations

Walter Williams, Nazi Tactics

From Reading to Writing

Bill Amend, What’s This? (cartoon)

Malcolm Gladwell, Drugstore Athlete

Michael Berube, Citizenship and Disability

Barry Blitt, New Yorker Cover

Terrence Rafferty, Kate Winslet, Please Save Us!

Susan Llewelyn Leach, Those Extra Pounds–Are They Government’s Business?

Mim Udovitch, A Secret Society of the Starving

Consumer Freedom, Obesity Ads

Pippa Wysong, Modified

Eric Lewis, The Subtext of All Tattoos (cartoon)

Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Like Father Like Son Ad

Susan Kinzie, A Rare Kind of Rush: A Sorority Based on Islamic Principles

28 New Media

Personal Space in Cyberspace

Contemporary Arguments

Andrew Keen, Is Google's Data Grinder Dangerous?

John Seigenthaler, A False Wikipedia “Biography”

Sidebar: John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace

Walt Handelsman, Information Superhighway (cartoon)

Michael Gerson, Where the Avatars Roam

Jessica Bennett and Malcolm Beith, Alternate Universe

Sidebar: Joe Duffy and Andrew Keen, Can Anyone Be a Designer?

Marcelle S. Fischler, Putting on Lip Gloss, and a Show, for YouTube Viewers

Danah Boyd, Facebook's 'Privacy Trainwreck': Exposure, Invasion, and Drama (blog)

Stephen Williams, Getting off the Couch

Appendix: A Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism

Glossary

Credits

Index

Promotional Information

This popular rhetoric/reader combines a brief, accessible introduction to argument with an anthology of provocative readings on contemporary issues.